عہدِ خلافتِ راشدہ میں گورننس کے اصول: مشاورت اور شورائیت کی روایت کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Principles of Governance in the Era of Rashidun Caliphate: An Analytical Study of the Tradition of Consultation and Shura

Abstract

Consultation (Shura) has been a fundamental principle of Islamic governance, ensuring justice, stability, and effective decision-making. The era of the Rashidun Caliphate serves as an exemplary model of governance where consultation was deeply embedded in administrative, judicial, military, and economic policies. Rooted in the Quran and Sunnah, this system provided a structured decision-making framework that promoted public welfare and inclusive leadership. Unlike modern democratic systems, Islamic Shura is not merely a procedural formality but a binding and practical mechanism aimed at upholding justice and ensuring responsible leadership. This study critically analyzes the principles of Shura during the Rashidun Caliphate, examining the consultative practices of the four rightly guided caliphs. It explores how these principles shaped governance structures and contributed to political stability despite internal and external challenges. The study also highlights the differences between Islamic consultative governance and modern democracy, emphasizing the ethical and religious dimensions unique to Shura. Furthermore, this research discusses the practical application of Rashidun consultative principles in contemporary Muslim states. By drawing lessons from historical models, the study aims to bridge the gap between classical Islamic governance and modern political systems. The findings suggest that integrating Shura-based governance can enhance political accountability, participatory decision-making, and social justice in present-day administrations.