مصنوعی ذہانت (AI) اور انسانی اختیار (Free Will): اسلامی فلسفہ اور جدید سائنس کا تقابلی جائزہ

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND HUMAN FREE WILL:A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY AND MODERN SCIENCE

Abstract

In the modern era, human life is increasingly falling under the influence of technology, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerging as one of the most significant and far-reaching innovations among these technological developments. AI is not only intervening in the routines of daily life but is also raising profound moral, philosophical, and existential questions—foremost among them being the issue of human free will. Is man still free in making decisions, or is the growing dominance of artificial intelligence constraining this freedom? This question is not merely scientific in nature; it carries deep philosophical and religious implications.In Islamic philosophy, particularly within the disciplines of Ilm al-Kalam (theology) and Tasawwuf (mysticism), the nature of human will and agency has been a subject of extensive debate for centuries. The Qur'an regards the human being as morally responsible, granting him the freedom to choose between good and evil, and holding him accountable for his actions. Islamic scholars have approached the complex issue of determinism and free will through various theological schools of thought. On the other hand, modern scientific perspectives—especially in neuroscience and artificial intelligence—tend to view the human mind as a mechanistic system, thereby challenging the traditional notion of free will from a new angle.This research study seeks to examine the concept of human free will through a comparative lens, analyzing both Islamic philosophy and modern scientific theories within the context of artificial intelligence. The aim is to foster a meaningful dialogue between these two intellectual paradigms, striving towards a harmonious understanding—one that upholds human moral responsibility while ensuring that scientific advancement follows a balanced and human-centric trajectory.