Social Conformity and Cultural Integration: Non-Muslim Students’ Behavioral Adaptations during Ramadan (A Case Study of University of Narowal)

Abstract

This study provides an analysis of the behavioral adaptations, emotional experiences, and processes of identity negotiations of non-Muslim students in socio-cultural and religious contexts in Pakistani universities during the holy month of Ramadan. Using thematic analysis, the study provides an exploration of how non-Muslim students negotiate their religious identities in a Muslim-majority society. Results show that non-Muslim students voluntarily adapted their behavior as culturally appropriate, which included not eating in plain sight, dressing modestly, and joining Ramadan events. These adaptations were motivated by a level of civic empathy, mutual respect, and social belonging desire, within the Muslim majority educational setting. Furthermore, results show how non-Muslim student exposure to Ramadan events facilitated interfaith empathy and experience of Islamic values of discipline, patience, and gratitude. This study adds to the wider sociological conversation about religious coexistence, negotiating cultures, and how educational settings support peaceful interfaith relationships. The University of Narowal is an outstanding exception in a third-world country like Pakistan, where religious minorities live peacefully, without a shadow of fear or perceived threat of danger. The minority students feel more secure and enjoy great freedom in a diverse environment. The tolerant and inclusive atmosphere of the varsity can be largely credited to the progressive and humane role of the faculty. This study points to possibilities for universities to facilitate a space where different religious identities can coexist peacefully while producing a culture of respect and mutual understanding.