انسانی اعضاء کی پیوندکاری: شرعی احکام، فقہی اختلافات اور عصری اطلاق کا تقابلی جائزہ

Human Organ Transplantation: Shariah Rulings, Juristic Disagreements, and Contemporary Application – A Comparative Review

Abstract

The Qurʾān declares humanity as ashraf al-makhlūqāt (﴿لَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنْسَانَ فِي أَحْسَنِ تَقْوِيمٍ﴾) and honors it with dignity (﴿وَلَقَدْ كَرَّمْنَا بَنِي آدَمَ﴾). Preservation of life (ḥifẓ al-nafs) is a maqṣad al-sharīʿah, and illness is a divine test mandating treatment, as the Prophet ﷺ stated: “Seek cure, for Allah has not created a disease without appointing a remedy for it, except old age.” Organ transplantation (piwandkārī), a revolutionary medical intervention, restores vital functions but raises intricate fiqhī questions concerning bodily sanctity (ḥurmah al-jism), necessity (ḍarūrah), consent (riḍā), and public welfare (maṣlaḥah). This research provides a systematic analysis by defining transplantation, tracing its historical development, and delineating medical categories (heart, liver, kidney, cornea). It classifies procedures into autograft, allograft, xenograft, and prosthetic types, while critically examining juristic opinions across the four madhāhib using authoritative texts (al-Mughnī, Bidāyat al-Mujtahid, al-Majmūʿ). Divergences center on donor status (living/cadaveric), harm principle (lā ḍarar), and organ commodification. The study concludes that live-donor transplantation is permissible under informed consent, medical urgency, and non-harm; cadaveric donation is conditionally allowed with guardianship approval and societal benefit. The preferred (rājiḥ) ruling aligns with global fatāwā (Islamic Fiqh Council, 1986; Al-Azhar, 1993), advocating ethical protocols. This work equips scholars, muftīs, and healthcare professionals in Pakistan with an evidence-based, sharʿī-compliant framework for organ transplantation, balancing life preservation with moral integrity. (248 words)