CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASURES AS A PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY IN INDIA–PAKISTAN RELATIONS (1997 2008)

Abstract

This study examines Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) as a problem-solving strategy in the context of India–Pakistan relations during the period from 1997 to 2008. Using both primary data (interviews and surveys) and secondary sources, the research finds that India–Pakistan relations have historically been fragile, primarily due to a lack of mutual trust and insufficient commitment from policymakers. The study reveals that CBMs introduced in this period such as the Lahore Declaration, the 2003 ceasefire agreement, and various diplomatic engagements played a partial role in reducing tensions. However, these efforts were undermined by incidents such as the Kargil War and the Mumbai Attacks. People-to-people contact, military transparency, and cultural exchanges were found to be minimal, often obstructed by hostile media narratives and political rhetoric. The study highlights that increased defense spending by both countries detracts from socio-economic development, and recommends that future CBMs should focus on enhancing direct public engagement, military cooperation, trade relations, and joint anti-terrorism efforts to build enduring peace.