مشرکین و منافقین سے قرآنی اسلوبِ مکالمہ: مدنی عہد کے وفود، معاہدات اور ہدایات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

The Qur'anic Method of Dialogue and Treaties with Polytheists and Hypocrites: An Analytical Study in the Light of Events from the Medinan Era

Abstract

The Medinan period of the Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) life marked a significant phase in Islamic history, characterized by strategic dialogue, treaties, and interactions with polytheists, hypocrites, and non-Muslim delegations. This paper explores the Qur’anic methodology in dealing with these groups, focusing on three core areas: dialogues with tribal delegations, agreements ensuring the protection of life and property of non-Muslims, and the instructions during military and post-conflict scenarios. Through a critical analysis of key events—such as the visits of delegations from Thaqif, Banu Hanifa, and the Christians of Najran—this study highlights how the Prophet (PBUH), guided by divine revelation, applied principles of tolerance, wisdom, and justice. It further examines the handling of treaties as outlined in Surah Al-Tawbah, offering a nuanced understanding of how Muslims are instructed to deal with groups that violate or uphold agreements. Moreover, it elaborates on the rights of non-Muslim neighbors, the sanctity of covenants, and the prohibition of unlawful killing, drawing on both Qur’anic verses and Prophetic traditions. This paper concludes that the Qur’anic approach towards dialogue and engagement with non-Muslim elements during the Medinan era was marked by moral integrity, legal fairness, and a broader vision of coexistence and justice. The findings provide valuable insights for contemporary interfaith dialogue and conflict resolution strategies in pluralistic societies.