CONTINUITY AND TRANSFORMATION: A CAUSAL ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION FROM EARLY HISTORY TO THE MODERN ERA

Abstract

Islamic civilization, spanning over fourteen centuries, represents one of the most dynamic and resilient traditions in world history. This paper provides a causal analysis of its continuity and transformation from its early formative period to the modern era. The study identifies key historical phases, beginning with the life of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the Rashidun Caliphate, through the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the spread of Islamic culture and sciences, the colonial encounters of the 19th and 20th centuries, and culminating in the contemporary revivalist and reformist movements. Each period is evaluated in terms of its political, social, intellectual, and economic structures, showing how internal dynamics and external pressures shaped transformation, while religious principles and moral frameworks ensured continuity.

The methodology employed is interdisciplinary, drawing from historical analysis, sociological theory, and Islamic intellectual traditions to trace patterns of stability and change. The study reveals that despite immense political upheavals, invasions, colonialism, and modern challenges, Islamic civilization has demonstrated a remarkable capacity to adapt while retaining its core identity. The paper argues that the civilization's spiritual foundations, the adaptability of Islamic law (Shariah), and the enduring influence of Islamic ethics have been pivotal in maintaining continuity.