دیوبند کی کلامی روایت میں تصوف اور عقائد کا توازن: تاریخی جائزہ

Abstract

This article presents a historical study of the balance between theology (kalām) and Sufism (taṣawwuf) in the Deoband tradition. It incorporates original Arabic and Urdu quotations from primary sources such as Al-Muhannad ʿalā al-Mufannad and Ashraf ʿAlī Thānawī’s Imdād al-Fatāwā. The study demonstrates that Deoband’s synthesis represents an internal critique of Sufism, where spiritual experiences are subordinated to the Sharīʿa while preserving moral and spiritual discipline. All quotations are provided with verbatim text and corresponding footnotes according to academic standards.